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                                              無(wu)功補償電容器的(de)應用

摘要：電容器作為無功補償(chang)裝置的重(zhong)要設備，在配電(dian)系(xi)統中被廣泛使(shi)用(yong)。用(yong)電(dian)企業投入(ru)電(dian)容補償后，通過合理的配置和(he)控制電(dian)容器，功率因數(shu)提高到了0.9以(yi)上，達到了用(yong)電(dian)標準(zhun)，每年可節(jie)能100萬余元。

關鍵詞：電(dian)容器   無功(gong)補償(chang)  功(gong)率因(yin)數  節能(neng)

1前言

隨著國民(min)經(jing)濟的發展，各種電(dian)(dian)子設備(bei)的應用，導(dao)致電(dian)(dian)網污染越來越嚴重(zhong)，無功補(bu)償(chang)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器能有(you)效維持系統的電(dian)(dian)壓水平，提高電(dian)(dian)力系統的穩定(ding)、可(ke)靠性，能夠降(jiang)低電(dian)(dian)網損耗。同(tong)時(shi)無功補(bu)償(chang)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器具有(you)自動切換、操作方便、運(yun)行性維護(hu)方便等特點，越來越受(shou)到企業的青(qing)睞(lai)。

2  無功補償電容器

2.1 無功補償電容器原理

在(zai)(zai)交(jiao)(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中，由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供(gong)給負載(zai)(zai)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)有兩種：一種是有功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)P，是指(zhi)保持用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)正常運行所需的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)；另一種是無(wu)(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)，是指(zhi)用于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場和磁場交(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)，并用來在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設備(bei)中建立和維(wei)持磁場的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動率(lv)(lv)(lv)。視在(zai)(zai)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)S表示有功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)和無(wu)(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)矢量(liang)和。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感性(xing)負載(zai)(zai)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)相(xiang)量(liang)間存(cun)在(zai)(zai)相(xiang)位差，通(tong)常用相(xiang)位角表示，相(xiang)位角的(de)余弦(xian)稱為功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)(yin)數。用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)本身所具(ju)有的(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)(yin)數稱為自然功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)(yin)數，多數用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)的(de)自然功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)(yin)數都比較低。并聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)與供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)或負載(zai)(zai)并聯，則供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)或負載(zai)(zai)所需的(de)無(wu)(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)可以(yi)全(quan)部或部分由(you)并聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)供(gong)給，即并聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)發出的(de)容性(xing)無(wu)(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)使系統(tong)無(wu)(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)增加，提高了功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)(yin)數。

2.2無功補償電容器的作用

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)在交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路里可將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓維持在較高(gao)的(de)平均值，改善增加電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)穩定性。對大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流負載的(de)突發啟動給予電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流補(bu)償，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力補(bu)償電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)組(zu)可提供(gong)巨(ju)大的(de)瞬(shun)間電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，減少對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)沖擊。

電(dian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)大量的感(gan)(gan)性負載會使電(dian)網的相(xiang)位產生偏差(感(gan)(gan)性元件使電(dian)壓相(xiang)位超前電(dian)流90°)，而(er)電(dian)容在電(dian)路(lu)(lu)里的特性與電(dian)感(gan)(gan)正好(hao)相(xiang)反，起補償作(zuo)用(yong)。

在一(yi)定的(de)(de)有功(gong)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)下，當用(yong)電(dian)企業(ye)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)(yin)數(shu)(shu)cosP越小，其(qi)視在功(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)也越大，為滿足用(yong)電(dian)的(de)(de)需要，供電(dian)線路和(he)變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)的(de)(de)容量也越大。這樣不僅增加(jia)供電(dian)投資，降(jiang)低設(she)備(bei)利用(yong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)，也將增加(jia)線路網(wang)損。在電(dian)網(wang)高峰負荷(he)時，用(yong)戶(hu)的(de)(de)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)(yin)數(shu)(shu)應達到標準(zhun)：高壓(ya)(ya)用(yong)電(dian)的(de)(de)工業(ye)用(yong)戶(hu)和(he)裝(zhuang)有帶負荷(he)調整電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)裝(zhuang)置的(de)(de)電(dian)力(li)用(yong)戶(hu)，功(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)(yin)數(shu)(shu)為0.9以上(shang)：其(qi)他100kVA及以上(shang)電(dian)力(li)用(yong)戶(hu)和(he)大中型(xing)電(dian)力(li)排灌(guan)站，功(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)(yin)數(shu)(shu)為0.85以上(shang)；農業(ye)用(yong)電(dian)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)(yin)數(shu)(shu)為0.8以上(shang)。

2.3 電容器安全運行條件及保護措施

電容器安全(quan)運行(xing)條件(jian)：

（1）電(dian)容(rong)器應在額定(ding)電(dian)壓(ya)下運行，電(dian)容(rong)器長時間(jian)允許電(dian)壓(ya)不得超(chao)過其額定(ding)電(dian)壓(ya)的1.1倍，如果超(chao)過，電(dian)容(rong)器應退出運行；

（2）電(dian)容器可以在(zai)額(e)定(ding)電(dian)流(liu)下(xia)長期運(yun)行(xing)，允許運(yun)行(xing)上限電(dian)流(liu)不超過額(e)定(ding)電(dian)流(liu)的1.3倍；

（3）電容器的額定頻率(lv)必須(xu)與電網的工作頻率(lv)一致；

（4）電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器組(zu)運(yun)行的(de)環境(jing)溫度在-40℃~40℃時，充(chong)礦物油的(de)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器組(zu)允(yun)許溫升為50℃，充(chong)硅油的(de)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器組(zu)允(yun)許溫升為55℃。每臺電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器上應安裝(zhuang)單獨(du)熔(rong)絲保(bao)護(hu)，電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器組(zu)應有繼電(dian)(dian)保(bao)護(hu)，包括(kuo)過(guo)流(liu)保(bao)護(hu)、電(dian)(dian)壓不平衡和缺相保(bao)護(hu)、不平衡，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)保(bao)護(hu)、過(guo)電(dian)(dian)壓保(bao)護(hu)、低電(dian)(dian)壓與失壓保(bao)護(hu)。

另外，為了避(bi)免操(cao)作過(guo)電壓(ya)和大(da)氣過(guo)電壓(ya)系統(tong)，還(huan)應該安裝機座的避(bi)雷(lei)器用來保(bao)護電容器（2）。

3 無功補償電容器的實際應用

設立電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)室(shi)，安裝電(dian)(dian)纜溝及電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)組支撐(cheng)架，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)室(shi)安裝監控，采(cai)(cai)取防火(huo)措施，配置(zhi)滅火(huo)器(qi)(qi)。無功補(bu)償裝置(zhi)采(cai)(cai)用全(quan)膜(mo)介(jie)質電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)，通(tong)過(guo)(guo)按鈕(niu)將斷(duan)路器(qi)(qi)合閘后，補(bu)償裝置(zhi)進(jin)入工(gong)作狀態，完全(quan)自動(dong)運行，實時(shi)(shi)跟蹤自動(dong)補(bu)償，控制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)檢(jian)測到系統電(dian)(dian)壓超過(guo)(guo)控制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)設備(bei)定的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓下限(xian)并且無功電(dian)(dian)流超過(guo)(guo)設定的(de)投切(qie)(qie)門限(xian)值(zhi)時(shi)(shi)，自動(dong)判(pan)斷(duan)出(chu)需投切(qie)(qie)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)組的(de)級數，將對應電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)投入式(shi)切(qie)(qie)除。

補償電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)階段，制定(ding)巡視檢查(cha)(cha)制度(du)。由主配電(dian)(dian)室值(zhi)班人員每4h對電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)室巡視檢查(cha)(cha)一次，檢查(cha)(cha)內(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)主要有設備的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)模式（正常(chang)/故障(zhang)，分閘(zha)狀(zhuang)態和合閘(zha)狀(zhuang)態），電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)組的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)狀(zhuang)態（投(tou)/切)，正常(chang)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)過(guo)程中有無(wu)(wu)異(yi)常(chang)聲(sheng)音(yin)，房間內(nei)有無(wu)(wu)異(yi)味，環境溫度(du)有無(wu)(wu)過(guo)熱，電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓、頻率(lv)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)是否符(fu)合電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)。值(zhi)班人員每班在電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)補償裝(zhuang)置運(yun)(yun)行(xing)日志上記錄運(yun)(yun)行(xing)情況，記錄內(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)包括電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)組的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)狀(zhuang)態，系(xi)統(tong)(tong)參數(shu)（系(xi)統(tong)(tong)有功、系(xi)統(tong)(tong)無(wu)(wu)功、功率(lv)因數(shu)、無(wu)(wu)功電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)、系(xi)統(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)壓、系(xi)統(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)、補償電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)）。技術人員每周至少檢查(cha)(cha)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)日志兩次。發現隱患(huan)及(ji)時處(chu)(chu)理(li)，經過(guo)近2a的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)據統(tong)(tong)計，投(tou)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)補償后，功率(lv)因數(shu)提高到了0.9以上，基(ji)本(ben)處(chu)(chu)于(yu)0.95左右，達到了用電(dian)(dian)標準，降低了企(qi)業(ye)成本(ben)。

參考文獻

[1] 周志敏，周紀海，紀愛華.無功補償電容器配置·運行·維護[M].北京：電子工業出版社，2009.

[2] 文紹卿，電力電容器無功補償及其安全應用J].河南科技,2011(5):56-57.

來源：《山東冶金》