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　　1. 無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)補償(chang)的原理(li)：把具有容(rong)性(xing)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率負(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)(he)的裝(zhuang)置與感性(xing)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率負(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)(he)并接在同一電路，當(dang)容(rong)性(xing)負(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)(he)釋放能量(liang)時，感性(xing)負(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)(he)吸收能量(liang)，而感性(xing)負(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)(he)釋放能量(liang)時，容(rong)性(xing)負(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)(he)吸收 能量(liang)，能量(liang)在兩種負(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)(he)之間交(jiao)換。這樣，感性(xing)負(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)(he)所吸收的無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率可從容(rong)性(xing)負(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)(he)輸出的無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率中得到(dao)補償(chang)，這就(jiu)是無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)補償(chang)的原理(li)。

　　2. 有(you)功(gong)功(gong)率(lv)：有(you)功(gong)功(gong)率(lv)是保(bao)持用電(dian)設備正常運行(xing)所(suo)需(xu)的(de)電(dian)功(gong)率(lv)，也就是將電(dian)能(neng)轉換為其他形式能(neng)量(機械能(neng)、光能(neng)、熱(re)能(neng))的(de)電(dian)功(gong)率(lv)。單(dan)位：瓦(W)或(huo)千瓦(KW)

　　3. 無(wu)功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率：無(wu)功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率比較(jiao)抽象(xiang)，它(ta)(ta)是用于(yu)電(dian)(dian)路內電(dian)(dian)場與磁(ci)場的交(jiao)換，并(bing)用來在電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設備中建(jian)立(li)和維(wei)持磁(ci)場的電(dian)(dian)功(gong)(gong)率。它(ta)(ta)不(bu)對外(wai)作功(gong)(gong)，而是轉(zhuan)變(bian)為(wei)其他形式(shi)的能(neng)量。凡 是有(you)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)線圈的電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設備，要(yao)建(jian)立(li)磁(ci)場，就要(yao)消耗無(wu)功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率。無(wu)功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率決不(bu)是無(wu)用功(gong)(gong)率，它(ta)(ta)的用處(chu)很大。電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)需要(yao)建(jian)立(li)和維(wei)持旋轉(zhuan)磁(ci)場，使(shi)轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)，從而帶動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji) 械運動(dong)(dong)(dong)，電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)的轉(zhuan)子磁(ci)場就是靠從電(dian)(dian)源取得(de)無(wu)功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率建(jian)立(li)的。變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)也(ye)同樣(yang)需要(yao)無(wu)功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率，才能(neng)使(shi)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)的一次線圈產生磁(ci)場，在二次線圈感應出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。因此(ci)，沒(mei) 有(you)無(wu)功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率，電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)就不(bu)會轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)，變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)也(ye)不(bu)能(neng)變(bian)壓(ya)，交(jiao)流接觸器(qi)(qi)不(bu)會吸合。單位：乏(var)或(huo)千(qian)乏(Kvar)

　　4. 感(gan)性(xing)(xing)無功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率：電動機和(he)變壓器在(zai)能量轉換(huan)過程(cheng)中(zhong)建立(li)交變的磁場，在(zai)一個周期內吸收和(he)釋(shi)放的功(gong)(gong)率相(xiang)等，這種功(gong)(gong)率叫感(gan)性(xing)(xing)無功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率。單位(Kvar)

　　5. 容性無功(gong)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)：電容器在交流(liu)電網(wang)中接通時，在一個周期內,上半周期的(de)充電功(gong)率(lv)(lv)與下半周期的(de)放(fang)電功(gong)率(lv)(lv)相等，而不消耗能量，這(zhe)種充放(fang)電功(gong)率(lv)(lv)叫容性無功(gong)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)。單位(Kvar)

　　6.視在功率(lv)：純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)是同相(xiang)位的(de)(de)(de)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)乘積(ji)為(wei)有(you)功功率(lv);但在感性或容性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)有(you)著(zhu)相(xiang)位差，所以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)乘積(ji)并不是負荷實際吸收(shou)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率(lv)，而是表(biao)面的(de)(de)(de)數值(zhi)，稱為(wei)視在功率(lv)。單位(KVA)

　　7.無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)：在正(zheng)常情(qing)況下(xia)，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)不(bu)但要從電(dian)(dian)(dian)源取(qu)得(de)有功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)，同時還需(xu)要從電(dian)(dian)(dian)源取(qu)得(de)無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)。如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)中(zhong)的(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)供不(bu)應求，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)就沒有 足(zu)夠的(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)來(lai)建(jian)立正(zheng)常的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁場，那(nei)么，這些(xie)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)就不(bu)能(neng)維持在額定情(qing)況下(xia)工作(zuo)，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓就要下(xia)降，從而影響用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)正(zheng)常運(yun)行。　從發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機 和(he)高(gao)壓輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)線供給(gei)的(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)，遠遠滿足(zu)不(bu)了負荷的(de)(de)需(xu)要，所(suo)以在電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)中(zhong)要設(she)(she)置(zhi)一些(xie)無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)補償裝置(zhi)來(lai)補充無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)，以保證(zheng)用(yong)戶對無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)的(de)(de)需(xu)要，這樣用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)才  能(neng)在額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下(xia)工作(zuo)。這就是電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)需(xu)要裝設(she)(she)無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)補償裝置(zhi)的(de)(de)道(dao)理(li)。

　　8.無(wu)功功率對供(gong)、用(yong)電(dian)產生一定(ding)的不(bu)良影響，主要表現在：

　　(1)降低發(fa)電機有功功率的輸出。

　　(2)降低(di)輸(shu)、變電設備的供電能力。

　　(3)造成線(xian)路電(dian)壓損失增大(da)和電(dian)能損耗(hao)的增加。

　　(4)造(zao)成低功率因數(shu)運行和電壓(ya)下降，使(shi)電氣設備容量得不到充分發揮。

　　9.功率因數： 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網中的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)負(fu)荷如(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)、變壓(ya)器(qi)等，屬于(yu)既(ji)有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻又有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)性負(fu)載(zai)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)性負(fu)載(zai)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)相(xiang)量間(jian)存(cun)在著一(yi)個相(xiang)位差，通常用相(xiang)位角φ的(de)余弦 cosφ來表示。cosφ稱(cheng)為功率因數，又叫力(li)率。功率因數是反映電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用戶用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)合理(li)使(shi)用狀況、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能利(li)用程度和用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管理(li)水平(ping)的(de)一(yi)項重(zhong)要(yao)指(zhi)標。

　　三相功(gong)率因數的計算公式為(wei)：cosφ=P/S

　　式中(zhong)cosφ——功率(lv)因數;

　　P——有功(gong)功(gong)率，kW;

　　Q——無(wu)功功率,kVar;

　　S——視在功(gong)率,kVA;

　　U——用電設(she)備的額定電壓,V;

　　I——用(yong)電設備(bei)的運行電流(liu),A。

　　功率因數(shu)(shu)分為自然(ran)功率因數(shu)(shu)、瞬時(shi)功率因數(shu)(shu)和加權平均功率因數(shu)(shu)。

　　(1)自然(ran)功(gong)率因數(shu)：是指用(yong)電(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)備(bei)沒(mei)有安裝無(wu)功(gong)補償設(she)(she)備(bei)時的(de)功(gong)率因數(shu)，或者說用(yong)電(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)備(bei)本身所具(ju)有的(de)功(gong)率因數(shu)。自然(ran)功(gong)率因數(shu)的(de)高(gao)低(di)主(zhu)要取決于用(yong)電(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)負(fu) 荷性質，電(dian)(dian)阻性負(fu)荷(白熾燈、電(dian)(dian)阻爐)的(de)功(gong)率因數(shu)較高(gao)，等于1，而電(dian)(dian)感性負(fu)荷(電(dian)(dian)動機、電(dian)(dian)焊機)的(de)功(gong)率因數(shu)比較低(di)，都小于1。

　　(2)瞬(shun)時(shi)功率因(yin)數：是指在(zai)某一(yi)瞬(shun)間由功率因(yin)數表讀出的(de)(de)功率因(yin)數。瞬(shun)時(shi)功率因(yin)數是隨(sui)著(zhu)用電設備的(de)(de)類型、負荷的(de)(de)大(da)小和電壓的(de)(de)高低(di)而時(shi)刻(ke)在(zai)變化。

　　(3)加(jia)權平均功率因(yin)數：是(shi)指在一定時間段(duan)內(nei)功率因(yin)數的平均值(zhi)，其計算公式(shi)=

　　10.力(li)率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)：全國(guo)供用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)規則規定(ding)，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網高峰負(fu)荷(he)時，用(yong)(yong)戶的(de)(de)功率因(yin)數(shu)(shu)(shu)應(ying)達(da)(da)到(dao)的(de)(de)標(biao)準為(wei)：高壓用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)工業用(yong)(yong)戶和高壓 用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)有帶負(fu)荷(he)調整電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓裝(zhuang)置的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用(yong)(yong)戶，功率因(yin)數(shu)(shu)(shu)為(wei)0.90以(yi)(yi)上(shang)，其(qi)它100KVA及(ji)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用(yong)(yong)戶和大中型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)排灌站，功率因(yin)數(shu)(shu)(shu)為(wei)0.85以(yi)(yi)上(shang);農(nong)業用(yong)(yong) 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率因(yin)數(shu)(shu)(shu)為(wei)0.80以(yi)(yi)上(shang)。凡功率因(yin)數(shu)(shu)(shu)達(da)(da)不到(dao)上(shang)述規定(ding)的(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)戶，供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)部(bu)(bu)門會在(zai)其(qi)用(yong)(yong)戶使用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)的(de)(de)基礎上(shang)按一(yi)定(ding)比例對(dui)其(qi)加收一(yi)部(bu)(bu)分電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)，這部(bu)(bu)分加收的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)稱(cheng)為(wei)力(li) 率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)。

　　11.提高功率(lv)(lv)因數(shu)的方法有兩種(zhong)，一種(zhong)是(shi)改善自(zi)然(ran)功率(lv)(lv)因數(shu)，另一種(zhong)是(shi)安裝(zhuang)人工補償裝(zhuang)置。